Did evolution never give us the ability to see reality as it actually is? Neil deGrasse Tyson and co-hosts Chuck Nice and Gary O’Reilly sit down with cognitive scientist Donald Hoffman to explore what neuroscience, evolutionary game theory, and consciousness suggest about the nature of reality itself. Is evolution the correct tool for tuning our senses to reality? Are our perceptions less like a window and more like a VR headset? We discuss the priorities of our perceptions and how it may not always be truth. We explore how psychedelics impact our perception of reality. Could hallucinogens show us a layer of reality we don’t otherwise see? Does the mind render things only when perceived, the way a video game only generates what's on screen? The team explores if we are in a simulation and how Donald doesn't think spacetime itself is fundamental. Can consciousness be modeled? Donald breaks down how we have struggled to define consciousness and provide a theory for the observer. What is an observer, really? Chuck's ayahuasca encounters with higher-dimensional beings become surprisingly relevant, as we explore how to test for consistencies across individuals’ trips. Could information passed to one user be received by another in a separate session? Doubtful, says Hoffman, but testable. We explore the Matrix, both the movie and the mathematical, discussing how you could use math to understand the role of the observer. The episode closes on science, God, and Gödel. Does some of this verge on the spiritual? Have theologians approached Hoffman, hoping he's providing scientific grounding for a god? Learn more about Donald Hoffman’s research institute: https://www.traceinstitute.org/ Thanks to our Patrons Ptp317, Marcus Murrell, Michael Hall, Michael, Ben C, Michelle Lynn, Teddy, Miguel Cruz, Joe M, Kate, Joshua Gordon, Grand Maester Ali, Chen Hillel, pwhGalaxy, Freddie Lucena, Umbrella Counseling, StellarDude, Bill Whiteside, Cory Hohs, Sam Henderson, Michael, Jozefa Hernon, Foxfyre, Deniz Nägeli, Jack O'Melia, Tricia Richardson, Theresa Coale, Johan UniverseEnds, time, Nat Jax, Brad Weinstein, Lubna AlJalal, Andreas, Sea Kayaker, Drew King warzone, James P. Gillis, Ruben D. Lopez, Nicolas Alvarez, Sharuvan, Steven Gilbert, Kit Cheshire, Morgan Doyle, Juliette, Dan Rogers - Cypher_Epsilon, Bweefk, Gavin Berg, Damien Wade, Anders Carlsson, Hailey Snyder, Mike Landers, and Keith Freeman for supporting us this week. Timestamps: 00:00 - Introduction: Donald Hoffman 02:30 - How Evolution Shifts Our Reality 04:50 - Evolutionary Game Theory 11:05 - All We Have Are Tricks and Hacks 14:08 - Do Psychedelics Expose True Reality? 15:45 - Is Reality Just a Simulation Rendering What We Look At? 19:20 - Can We Simulate Consciousness or Is It Simulating Us? 24:58 - The Problem with Spacetime 26:16 - A Theory of Observation 31:02 - Meeting Dimensional Aliens 41:29 - Understanding “The Observer” in Physics 50:46 - Is It Literally The Matrix? 54:48 - Hijacking Evolution 59:57 - Theological Implications 01:03:43 - Predictions Check out our second channel, @StarTalkPlus Get the latest StarTalk book, 'To Infinity and Beyond: A Journey of Cosmic Discovery' on Amazon: https://amzn.to/3PL0NFn Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/startalkradio FOLLOW or SUBSCRIBE to StarTalk: Twitter: http://twitter.com/startalkradio Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/StarTalk Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/startalk About StarTalk: Science meets pop culture on StarTalk! Astrophysicist & Hayden Planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson, his comic co-hosts, guest celebrities & scientists discuss astronomy, physics, and everything else about life in the universe. Keep Looking Up! #StarTalk #NeildeGrasseTyson