We all want to eat healthier. The Paleo diet promises exactly that: eat like our ancestors, avoid modern foods, and improve your health. But does it really support your gut, heart and long-term health, or is the story more complicated? In this episode, Dr James Cole, a world-leading expert on prehistoric diets, joins Dr Federica Amati to explore what Paleo gets right and why some of the claims may be dangerously wrong. James explains what ancient evidence tells us about human diets, why the modern-day Paleo diet may go too far in its restrictions, and what that might mean for your heart disease risk and gut health. By the end of the episode, you’ll have ideas on what principles to keep from the Paleo diet, and what rules to avoid. Could trying to eat as our ancestors did force you to cut foods your body actually needs? Before you give up grains, beans or dairy, it may be worth asking what ancient humans really ate. 🌱 Try our science-backed and tasty wholefood supplement Daily30: https://zoe.com/daily30?utm_medium=zoe_podcast&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=d30 🌿Let your gut microbes snack on the ZOE Gut Health Bar | https://zoe.com/snackbar?utm_medium=zoe_podcast&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=GHB Get our brand-new app and Gut Health Test designed by world-leading gut health and nutrition scientists to build healthy eating habits 👉 Join ZOE: https://zoe.com/buymembership?utm_medium=zoe_podcast&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=BAU Follow ZOE on Instagram | https://www.instagram.com/zoe/ Timecodes 00:00 Did ancient humans really eat mostly meat? 04:39 What does Paleolithic actually mean? 09:14 How scientists know what ancient humans ate 10:01 What ancient teeth reveal about diet 11:25 Why there was no single Paleo diet 13:16 The myth that ancient humans just ate meat 15:38 Why humans evolved to eat many foods 17:14 Why the human gut got smaller 22:13 How fire changed the human diet 24:02 Were ancient humans cooking plants? 25:51 What modern eating has lost 27:45 Did Paleolithic humans practise cannibalism? 30:37 Should we copy everything our ancestors ate? 32:56 What is the modern Paleo diet? 34:32 What the Paleo diet gets right 37:00 Did our ancestors eat meat every day? 38:18 Why Paleo cuts grains, dairy and beans 39:30 Are lectins in beans really dangerous? 41:27 Why modern Paleo may be based on shaky science 42:20 Is the Paleo diet healthy long term? 44:45 What a healthier Paleo diet would look like 46:17 The processed meat and cancer risk trap 48:37 Is grass-fed beef really better? 50:10 Should you fast like your ancestors? 52:10 How to cut ultra-processed foods without Paleo 56:20 What to eat instead of strict Paleo 📚Books by our ZOE Scientists The Food For Life Cookbook | https://amzn.to/4amfIMX Every Body Should Know This by Dr Federica Amati | https://amzn.to/4blJsLg The Appetite Reset by Dr Federica Amati | https://amzn.to/4aBakbR Food For Life by Prof. Tim Spector | https://amzn.to/4amZinu Ferment by Prof. Tim Spector | https://amzn.to/4hU1Df5 Good Mood Food (preorder) by Prof. Tim Spector | https://amzn.to/4l9oXat Free resources from ZOE: The Smart Snacking Guide: How to feed your gut, fuel your day, and snack without guilt | http://ZOE.com/snacking-2026?utm_medium=zoe_podcast&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=snacking Eating for Better Brain Health: Your brain-gut blueprint | https://ZOE.com/brainhealth?utm_medium=zoe_podcast&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=betterbrainhealth How to eat in 2026 - Discover ZOE’s 8 nutrition principles for long-term health | https://zoe.com/2026?utm_medium=zoe_podcast&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=How to eat in 2026 Gut Guide - For a Healthier Microbiome in Weeks | https://zoe.com/gutguide?utm_medium=podcast&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=gutguide Mentioned in today's episode The Paleolithic diet and chronic disease risk, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (2026) | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41129328/ Long-term Paleolithic diet is associated with increased serum TMAO concentrations, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31273523/ Evidence for mitigation of dental caries by Neanderthals, PLOS One (2026) | https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0347662 Evidence for the diets of Neanderthals and early modern humans, PNAS (2009) | https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0903821106 Long-term effects of a Palaeolithic-type diet, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2014) | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4216932/ The Big IF Study: What did we find? | https://zoe.com/learn/the-big-if-study-what-did-we-find? The Expensive-Tissue Hypothesis, International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2018) | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6032294/ Have feedback or a topic you'd like us to cover? Let us know here: https://gf6hx47iu5g.typeform.com/topicsuggestion Episode transcripts are available here: https://zoe.com/learn/category/podcasts