Caitlin Kalinowski was most recently at OpenAI helping build their robotics and hardware teams from scratch. Prior to that, she was head of AR glasses and VR hardware at Meta, where she led the teams building every generation of the Quest, Rift, and Orion, and was Meta’s first consumer electronics hire. Before this, she was technical lead on MacBook Air and Mac Pro at Apple, and helped engineer the original unibody MacBook Pro. She’s designed and engineered some of the hardest and most beloved consumer hardware products in history and is now focused on the next frontier: robotics. *In our in-depth conversation, we discuss:* 1. VR—what happened? 2. The coming memory price shock and why she’s telling startups to pre-buy now 3. How the technologies built for VR became the foundation of modern warfare 4. Why humanoid robots are still just prototypes, and what’s actually gating mass deployment 5. Lessons from Steve Jobs, Mark Zuckerberg, and Sam Altman 6. Why she left OpenAI *Brought to you by:* WorkOS—Make your app enterprise-ready, with SSO, SCIM, RBAC, and more: https://workos.com/lenny Vanta—Automate compliance, manage risk, and accelerate trust with AI: https://vanta.com/lenny *Episode transcript:* https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/why-were-at-the-beginning-of-the *Archive of all Lenny's Podcast transcripts:* https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/yxi4s2w998p1gvtpu4193/AMdNPR8AOw0lMklwtnC0TrQ?rlkey=j06x0nipoti519e0xgm23zsn9&st=ahz0fj11&dl=0 *Where to find Caitlin Kalinowski:* • X: https://x.com/kalinowski007 • LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/ckalinowski • Website: https://www.caitlinkalinowski.com *Where to find Lenny:* • Newsletter: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com • X: https://twitter.com/lennysan • LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lennyrachitsky/ *In this episode, we cover:* (00:00) Introduction to Caitlin Kalinowski (02:32) Why VR didn’t take off despite incredible hardware (04:55) The future of AR glasses and physical AI (08:45) Why robotics and hardware are suddenly hot (13:33) Why humanoid robots aren’t ready yet (16:13) Supply chain bottlenecks threatening robotics (17:31) Why magnets and actuators are critical dependencies -- _Note: Better motor diagram:_ https://pen-name.notion.site/Why-we-re-at-the-beginning-of-the-AI-hardware-boom-Caitlin-Kalinowski-ex-OpenAI-Meta-Apple-3639755be961808d8448f4b74c9471a7?source=copy_link (20:51) The geopolitical implications of hardware supply chains (24:48) AI safety concerns with physical robots (26:50) Apple’s approach to hardware excellence (30:10) Building a hardware program from scratch at Meta (31:39) The Quest 2 cost reduction story (33:07) Critical principles for hardware development (39:58) The MacBook Air manila envelope moment (41:01) The butterfly keyboard situation (41:43) Lessons from Apple on customer feedback (44:46) The memory price crisis coming for hardware (49:31) How many components go into a robot (52:53) When to use off-the-shelf vs. custom components (55:02) How AI is changing hardware engineering (1:00:27) Why humanoids aren’t the answer for most use cases (1:03:05) When robots will build other robots (1:06:23) What makes a robot feel human and connected (1:09:15) Robots in the home (1:12:00) What the next five years look like (1:15:38) Why she left OpenAI (1:18:09) How to hire exceptional hardware teams (1:23:42) Lessons from Steve Jobs, Mark Zuckerberg, and Sam Altman (1:27:27) Failure corner (1:32:33) Lightning round *Referenced:* • MacBook: https://www.apple.com/shop/buy-mac • Brett Degner on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/brett-degner-a723594 • Apple Vision Pro: https://www.apple.com/apple-vision-pro • Orion glasses: https://www.meta.com/emerging-tech/orion • Marc Andreessen: The real AI boom hasn’t even started yet: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/marc-andreessen-the-real-ai-boom • Palmer Luckey on X: https://x.com/PalmerLuckey • Anduril: https://www.anduril.com • OpenClaw: https://openclaw.ai • Moltbook: https://www.moltbook.com • Nat Friedman on X: https://x.com/natfriedman • Shelly Goldberg on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/shelly-goldberg-9b3b621 • Kate Bergeron on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/katebergeron • Matic: https://maticrobots.com • Mehul Nariyawala on X: https://x.com/mehul • Tesla: https://www.tesla.com • Starlink: https://starlink.com • The Godmother of AI on jobs, robots, and why world models are next | Dr. Fei-Fei Li: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/the-godmother-of-ai • Why experts writing AI evals is creating the fastest-growing companies in history | Brendan Foody (CEO of Mercor): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/experts-writing-ai-evals-brendan-foody ...References continued at: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/why-were-at-the-beginning-of-the _Production and marketing by https://penname.co/._ _For inquiries about sponsoring the podcast, email podcast@lennyrachitsky.com._ Lenny may be an investor in the companies discussed.